ويكيبيديا

الكليات الاستعماريه

الكليات الاستعمارية هيا 9 مؤسسات للتعليم العالى مستأجرة فى المستعمرات التلاته عشر قبل ما تصبح امريكا الامريكانيه دولة ذات سيادة بعد الثورة الامريكانيه .[1] لطالما تم النظر فى دول التسعةمع بعض، خصوصا من مسح أصولهم فى 1907 تاريخ كامبريدج للأدب الانجليزى والأمريكي . 7 من الكليات التسعة الاستعمارية بقت 7 جامعات من 8 جامعات Ivy League : Harvard و Yale و Princeton و Columbia و University of Pennsylvania و Brown و Dartmouth . (تأسست مؤسسة Ivy League المتبقية ، جامعة كورنيل ، سنة 1865). كلها جامعات خاصة .بقت الكليتان الاستعماريتان غير المنتمين لIvy League دلوقتى جامعتين حكوميتين — College of William & Mary فى ڤيرچينيا وجامعة روتجرز فى نيو جيرسى . كان William & Mary مؤسسة ملكية من 1693 لحد الثورة الامريكانيه . بين الثورة والحرب الأهلية الأمريكية ، كانت مؤسسة بالخصوص ، لكن عانت من أضرار كبيرة فى الحرب الأهلية وابتدت فى تلقى الدعم العام فى تمانينات القرن التسعتاشر. بقا William & Mary رسمى كلية عامة سنة 1906.تأسست روتجرز سنة 1766 باسم كلية كوينز ، اللى سميت على اسم الملكة شارلوت ، و كانت فى معظم تاريخها تابعة بشكل خاص للكنيسة الاصلاحية النيديرلاندية . غيرت اسمها لجامعة روتجرز سنة 1825 وتم تعيينها على أنها جامعة ولاية نيو جيرسى بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية .

خريطة الكليات الاستعمارية التسع

9 كليات استعمارية

تعديل

ابتدت 7 من الكليات التسع الاستعمارية تاريخها كمؤسسات للتعليم العالى ، فى الوقت نفسه تم تطوير اثنتين على ايد المدارس الاعدادية دلوقتى . ابتدت كلية دارتموث الشغل فى 1768 كقسم جامعى لمدرسة مور الخيرية ، هيا مدرسة ثانوية ابتدت فى 1754 على ايد مؤسس دارتموث اليزار ويلوك . تعتبر دارتموث أن تاريخ تأسيسها هو 1769 ، لما تم منحها ميثاق جماعى. ابتدت جامعة بنسلفانيا الشغل فى 1751 كمدرسة ثانوية ، أكاديمية فيلادلفيا ، و أضافت مؤسسة للتعليم العالى فى 1755 مع منح ميثاق لكلية فيلادلفيا .

صورة الكلية الاستعمارية



( الاسم الحالى ، اذا كان مختلف ) 		مستعمرة اتأسست القانوني التعليمات الأولى (درجات) التأثير الدينى الأساسي لبلاب الدوري
  كلية جديدة [nb 1]



( جامعة هارفارد ) 		مستعمرة خليج ماساتشوستس 1636 1650 1642 (1642) البيوريتان (تجمعي) نعم
  كلية وليام ومارى مستعمرة ڤيرچينيا 1693 [nb 2] 1693 1694 [4] كنيسة انجلترا [nb 3]



(الأسقفية) 		لا
  مدرسة جامعية



( جامعة ييل ) 		مستعمرة كونيتيكت 1701 1701 [5] 1702 (1702 ماجستير فخري) (1703 بكالوريوس) [6] البيوريتان ( تجمعى ) نعم
  كلية نيو جيرسي



( جامعة برينستون ) 		مقاطعة نيو جيرسي 1746 1746 1747 (1748) المشيخية لكن غير طائفية رسميا نعم
  كلية الملك



( جامعة كولومبيا ) 		مقاطعة نيو يورك 1754 1754 1754 (1758) [7] كنيسة انجلترا مع الالتزام بـ "الحرية الدينية".[8] نعم
  كلية فيلادلفيا



( جامعة بنسلفانيا ) 		مقاطعة بنسلفانيا 1740 (كلية) [nb 4] 1755 1755 (1757) كنيسة انجلترا غير طائفية رسمى [nb 5] نعم
  كلية رود آيلاند [17]



( جامعة براون ) 		مستعمرة رود آيلاند ومزارع بروفيدانس 1764 1764 1765 [18] المعمدانية (لكن مافيش شرط دينى للقبول) [nb 6] نعم
  كلية كوينز



( جامعة روتجرز ) 		مقاطعة نيو جيرسي 1766 1766 1771 (1774) الاصلاحية النيديرلاندية ( كالفينى ) لا
  كلية دارتموث مقاطعة نيو هامبشاير 1769 1769 [19] 1768 (1771) [nb 7] البيوريتان ( تجمعى ) نعم

أسس الفتره الاستعمارية التانيه

تعديل

يمكن ارجاع الكتير من الكليات والجامعات التانيه ل"أكاديميات" أو "مدارس" من الفتره الاستعمارية ، لكن لا تعتبر كليات استعمارية لأنها لم تُعتمد رسمى باعتبارها كليات تتمتع بصلاحيات منح الدرجات العلمية الا بعد تشكيل الولايات المتحدة سنة 1776. المدرجة أدناه هيا التواريخ التأسيسية للمدارس اللى كانت يعتبر كيانات سابقة والسنين اللى تم اعتمادها فيها لتشغيل مؤسسة للتعليم العالي.

المؤسسة ( الاسم الحالى ، حيثما كان مختلف ) مستعمرة أو دولة اتأسست القانوني التأثير الديني
مدرسة الملك وليام



(استوعبت على ايد كلية سانت جون لما اتأسست الأخيرة) 		مقاطعة ماريلاند 1696 1784 كنيسة انجلترا
مدرسة مقاطعة كينت الحرة



(استوعبت على ايد كلية واشنطن لما اتأسست الأخيرة) 		مقاطعة ماريلاند 1723 1782 غير طائفية
مدرسة بيت لحم للبنات



( كلية مورافيا ) 		مقاطعة بنسلفانيا 1742 1863 كنيسة مورافيا
أكاديمية نيوارك



( جامعة ديلاوير ) 		مستعمرة ديلاوير 1743 1833 المشيخية ، لكن غير طائفية رسمى بعد سنة 1769
أكاديمية أوغوستا



( جامعة واشينطون ولى ) 		مستعمرة ڤيرچينيا 1749 1782 المشيخية ، لكن غير طائفية بشكل رسمي
كلية تشارلستون مقاطعة كارولينا الجنوبية 1770 1785 كنيسة انجلترا
أكاديمية بيتسبرغ



( جامعة بيتسبرغ )



 مقاطعة بنسلفانيا [nb 8] 1770؟ 1787 غير طائفية
مدرسة البنات الصغيرات



( كلية سالم ) 		مقاطعة نورث كارولاينا 1772 1866 كنيسة مورافيا
كلية ديكنسون مقاطعة بنسلفانيا 1773 1783 المشيخى
هامبدن - كلية سيدني مستعمرة ڤيرچينيا 1775 1783 المشيخى

شوف كمان

تعديل
  • أول جامعة فى امريكا

ملحوظات

تعديل
  1. ↑ The institution was founded in 1636 by a vote of the legislature of the colony to provide money for "a school or college" at Newtowne (the present Cambridge). Nothing further was done about actually creating a school until 1638, when in his will John Harvard bequeathed money and books to the yet-uncreated college. Construction began shortly thereafter on a school that was given the name of its first benefactor.
  2. ↑ The College of William & Mary sometimes asserts a connection with an attempt to found a "University of Henrico" at Henricopolis (also known as Henricus) in the Colony of Virginia, which received a charter in 1618; but only a small school for Native Americans had begun operation by 1622, when the town was destroyed in a Native American raid. A page on their website says "The College of William & Mary [...] was the first college planned for the United States. Its roots go back to the College proposed at Henrico in 1619." However, it immediately proceeds to note that "The College is second only to Harvard University in actual operation."[2] Since William & Mary describes itself as "America's second-oldest college" and gives its year of founding as 1693, it does not seem to be suggesting institutional continuity with the University of Henrico, rather, W&M is providing historical perspective.[original research? ] However, this depends upon the orientation and competitiveness of the administration at any given time, for instance, when a Harvard grad is President, Wm & M is presented as "second college", but when Va grad is president, it is "the first college in its roots"..[original research? ] (This original college has been revived, in 1992, as "Henricus Colledge (1619), America's 1st College.".[3][المصدر ما بيأكدش ده ]) William & Mary has a published list of its early graduates by its Swem Library.
  3. ↑ In the wake of the American Civil War, the College ceased to enroll students in 1882 due to attendant financial pressures. Students returned in 1888 after the Commonwealth of Virginia authorized $10,000 for it to become a state normal school for men. In 1906 it became a public, non-sectarian school with the college's royal charter still in effect, except where superseded by state or federal laws.
  4. ↑ There is some disagreement about Penn's date of founding as the university has never used its legal charter date for this purpose and, in addition, took the unusual step of changing its official founding date approximately 150 years after the fact. The first meeting of the founding trustees of the secondary school which eventually became the University of Pennsylvania took place in November 1749. Secondary instruction for boys at the Academy of Philadelphia began in August 1751. Undergraduate education for men began after a collegiate charter for the College of Philadelphia was granted in 1755. Penn initially designated 1750 as its founding date. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to refer to 1749 instead. The school considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century until, in 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Four years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees voted to retroactively revise the university's founding date from 1749 to 1740 in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. The premise for this revised founding date was the fact that the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the building and assumed the educational mandate of an inactive trust which had originally hoped to open a charity school for indigent children. This was part of a 1740 project that had been planned to comprise both a church and school though, due to insufficient funding, only the church was built and even it was never put into use. The dormant church building was conveyed to the Academy of Philadelphia in 1750.[9][10][11] To further complicate the comparison of founding dates, Princeton University has historical ties to an older college. Five of the twelve members of Princeton's first board of trustees were very closely associated with a "Log College" operated by Presbyterian minister William Tennent and his son Gilbert in Bucks County, Pennsylvania from 1726 until 1746.[12] Because the College of New Jersey and the Log College shared the same religious affiliation (a moderate element within the "New Side" or "New Light" wing of the Presbyterian Church) and there was a considerable overlap in their boards of trustees, some historians suggest that there is sufficient connection between this school and the College of New Jersey which would enable Princeton to claim a founding date of 1726. However, Princeton does not officially do so and a university historian says that the "facts do not warrant" such a claim.[12]
  5. ↑ Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen.".[13] Jencks and Riesman (2001) write: "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." Franklin himself was a self-described "thorough Deist." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts",[14] and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of traveling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with the Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labelled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[15] Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America."[16]
  6. ↑ Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[15] Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter further required that its president and twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees be Baptists, and that the remainder consist of "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians" [بحاجة لمصدر ] -->
  7. ↑ Dartmouth College began operating during 1768 as the collegiate department of Moor's School (1754) in Columbia, Connecticut. The collegiate department was being described in writing as "Dartmouth College" by January of 1769, when the Township of Hanover, New Hampshire voted to offer it a grant of land. The institution received a royal charter on December 13, 1769 and its students moved from Columbia to Hanover during October 1770. The first degrees were awarded in August 1771. Queen's College, although granted a charter earlier, began operation during 1771, after Dartmouth College began awarding degrees.
  8. ↑ Although most early records of the university were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1845 as well as a subsequent fire in 1849, it is known that the school began its life as a preparatory academy, possibly as early as 1770,[20] or at some point in the 1780s.[21][22] Presumably starting its life in a log cabin[23] on what was then the nation's frontier, Hugh Henry Brackenridge sought and obtained a charter for the school from the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that was passed by the assembly on February 28, 1787. The school's charter was altered in 1819 to grant it university status and conferring on it the name of the Western University of Pennsylvania. The university received its current name, the University of Pittsburgh, with a subsequent alteration to its charter in 1908.

مصادر

تعديل
  1. ↑ Stoeckel، Althea (1976). "Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution". Conspectus of History. ج. 1 ع. 3: 45.
  2. ↑ [1] Archived فبراير 20, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ The College of William & Mary. "William & Mary - About". Wm.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-05-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  4. ↑ Hall, David D., Cultures of Print: Essays in the History of the Book, Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1996, p. 131
  5. ↑ "The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation" (PDF). 1976. By the Govrn, in Council & Representatives of his Majties Colony of Connecticut in Genrll Court Assembled, New-Haven, Octr 9: 1701
  6. ↑ Dexter, Franklin Bowditch, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College: with annals of the college history, Holt, 1885, Volume 1, p.6, p.9, p.13. Nathaniel Chauncey, a Harvard BA Graduate, was awarded an honorary MA in 1702 (p. 9); John Hart was awarded an earned BA as "the first actual student in the College" (p. 13).
  7. ↑ Johnson, Samuel, Samuel Johnson, President of King's College; His Career and Writings, edited by Herbert and Carol Schneider, New York: Columbia University Press, 1929, Volume 4, p. 244 and p. 246 Nine students matriculated this year.
  8. ↑ A Brief History of Columbia Archived 2016-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, Columbia University. Referenced 05.10.2011
  9. ↑ "Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-02-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  10. ↑ "Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002)". Upenn.edu. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  11. ↑ "Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library : FAQ Princeton University vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the older institution?". Princeton.edu. نوفمبر 6, 2007. مؤرشف من الأصل في مارس 19, 2003. اطلع عليه بتاريخ فبراير 19, 2012.
  12. ↑ أ ب "Log College". Etcweb1.princeton.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  13. ↑ "Overview of holdings, University Archives, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-04-28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  14. ↑ "The Charity School in the 18th century, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-06-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  15. ↑ أ ب "Welcome to the Office of College Admission | Undergraduate Admission". Brown University. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-02-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-19.
  16. ↑ "About Haverford College". Haverford.edu. مؤرشف من الأصل في February 4, 2012. اطلع عليه بتاريخ February 19, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Two and a half centuries of history". Brown University. Originally located in Warren, Rhode Island, and called the College of Rhode Island, Brown moved to its current spot on College Hill overlooking Providence in 1770 and was renamed in 1804 in recognition of a $5,000 gift from Nicholas Brown, a prominent Providence businessman and alumnus, Class of 1786.
  18. ↑ Hoeveler, David J., Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 192
  19. ↑ "Dartmouth College Charter". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-09-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-06-09. In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, [etc.], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769.
  20. ↑ Annual catalog of the Western University of Pennsylvania, Year Ending 1905. Western University of Pennsylvania. 1905. ص. 27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-12-21.
  21. ↑ "Early Schools". Pittsburgh School Bulletin. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh Teachers Association, Inc.: 25 مايو 1928. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-12-22.
  22. ↑ Holland، William Jacob (1893). First Alumni Year Book: Our University. Pittsburgh, PA: Alumni Association of the Western University of Pennsylvania. ص. 36. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-12-21.
  23. ↑ Starrett، Agnes Lynch (1937). Through one hundred and fifty years: the University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. ص. 26.

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