قالب:C/شرح

C
C
C c
(See below)
	Writing cursive forms of C
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	لاتينى
Phonetic usage	[c]; [k]; [t͡ʃ]; [t͡s(ʰ)]; [d͡ʒ]; [ʃ]; [s̝]; [ʕ]; [ʔ]; [θ]; Others;
Unicode codepoint	U+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position	3; Numerical value: 100
History
Development	Γ γ 𐌂 C c; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Variations	(See below)
Other
Associated numbers	100
	This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see مساعدة:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Technical reasons".

[[ملف:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|C in copyright symbol

C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee (pronounced /ˈsiː/), plural cees.^[1]

History

Egyptian

Phoenician
gaml

Greek
Gamma

Etruscan
C

Old Latin
C (G)

Latin
C

"C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".^[2]

In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'c' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c k q' were used to represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, 'k' before 'a', and 'c' elsewhere.^[3] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /k/. The use of 'c' (and its variant 'g') replaced most usages of 'k' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical period and after, 'g' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.

Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

Later use

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only /k/, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh,^[4] Irish, and Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /k/. The Old English Latin-based writing system was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn, brecan, brocen, þicccode: ang is deprecated , and séoccode: ang is deprecated . However, during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ], though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)acode: ang is deprecated . On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in Italian).

In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /k^w/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cúcode: ang is deprecated , remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēocecode: ang is deprecated , were now (without any change of sound) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, brekecode: enm is deprecated , and seokecode: enm is deprecated ; even cnihtcode: ang is deprecated ('knight') was subsequently changed to knihtcode: enm is deprecated and þiccode: ang is deprecated ('thick') changed to thikcode: enm is deprecated or thikkcode: enm is deprecated . The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēncode: ang is deprecated ('queen') and cwiccode: ang is deprecated ('quick') became Middle English quencode: enm is deprecated and quikcode: enm is deprecated , respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in champ (from Latin camp-umcode: la is deprecated ) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written حوالى 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychelcode: enm is deprecated , for the cild, rice, mycel,code: ang is deprecated of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words like processiun, empericecode: xno is deprecated and gracecode: xno is deprecated , and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsiencode: ang is deprecated , in early Middle English milce, bleciencode: enm is deprecated . By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /s/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.

Pronunciation and use

شوف كمان :Hard and soft C

Pronunciations of Cc
Most common pronunciation: /k/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
لغه البانى		/ts/
لغه عربى	Árabe cipriota	/ʕ/		Latinização
Azeri		/dʒ/
لغه امازيغى		/ʃ/		Latinização
Bukawa		/ʔ/
كاتالانى		/k/
كاتالانى		/s/	Antes de e, eu
كريمتتارى		/dʒ/
الكورنيه		/s/		Formulário Escrito Padrão
تشيكى		/ts/
دنماركى		/k/
دنماركى		/s/	Antes de e, i, y, æ, ø
نيديرلاندى		/k/
		/s/	Antes de e, i, y
		/tʃ/	Antes de e,i,y	em empréstimos do italiano
انجليزى		/k/
انجليزى		/s/	Antes de e, i, y
الفيجيه		/ð/
Filipino		/k/
Filipino		/s/	Antes de e, eu
فرنساوى		/k/
فرنساوى		/s/	Antes de e, i, y
Fula		/tʃ/
الغاغاوزيه		/dʒ/
جاليجو		/k/
		/θ/	Antes de e, eu
		/s/	Antes de e, eu	em áreas Seseu
الهوسيه		/tʃ/
لغه مجرى		/ts/
الاندونيسيه		/tʃ/
ايرلاندى		/k/
ايرلاندى		/c/	Antes de e, i; ou depois que eu
لغه طليانى		/k/
لغه طليانى		/tʃ/	Antes de e, eu
Curdo	Kurmanji	/dʒ/
لاتفى		/ts/
ملايوى		/tʃ/
Mandarim	Chinês padrão	/tsʰ/		پينيپين latinização
Mandingo		/tʃ/
لغه بولاندى		/ts/
لغه رومانى		/tʃ/	Antes de e, eu
لغه رومانى		/k/
الرومانشيه		/ts/	Antes de e, eu
الرومانشيه		/k/
الغيليه الاسكتلنديه		/kʰ/
الغيليه الاسكتلنديه		kʰʲ	Antes de e, i; ou depois que eu
صربى- كرواتى		/ts/
سلوڤاكى		/ts/
لغه سلوڤينى		/ts/
الصوماليه		/ʕ/
لغه اسبانى	Tudo	/k/
	Maior parte do Espanhol europeu	/θ/	Antes de e, i, y
	لغه اسبانى, da اندلوسيا, das جزر الكنارى	/s/	Antes de e, i, y
سويدى		/k/
سويدى		/s/	Antes de e, i, y, ä, ö
تتارى		/ʑ/
توركى		/dʒ/
Valenciano		/k/
Valenciano		/s/	Antes de e, eu
ڤييتنامى		/k/
		k̚	Palavra-final
		/kp/	Palavra-final depois de u, ô, o
لغه ويلزى		/k/
الكوسيه		/ǀ/
Yabem		/ʔ/
Yup'ik do Alasca central		/tʃ/
الزولويه		/ǀ/

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

[[ملف:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo

𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Γ γcode: el is deprecated : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives
  - G g : Latin letter G, which is derived from Latin C
    - Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Ȝ, which is derived from Latin G
Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
- ɕ : Small c with curl
- ʗ : Stretched c
- 𝼏 : Stretched c with curl - Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe^[5]
- 𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the IPA retroflex tʂ^[6]
- ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the Chatino orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-IPA notation^[7]
ᶜ : Modifier letter small c^[8]
ᶝ : Modifier letter small c with curl^[8]
ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.^[9]
Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of پينيپين romanization during the mid-1950s^[10]

Add to C with diacritics

C with diacritics: Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Č č Ċ ċ Ḉ ḉ Ƈ ƈ C̈ c̈ Ȼ ȼ Ç ç Ꞔ ꞔ Ꞓ ꞓ
Ↄ ↄ : Claudian letters^[11]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

© : copyright symbol
℃ : degree Celsius
¢ : cent
₡ : colón (currency)
₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)
₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)
₠ : European Currency Unit CE
$\mathbb {C}$ : blackboard bold C, denoting the complex numbers
ℭ : blackletter C
Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -us and -os^[12]

Code points

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Charmap".

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

Other representations

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Charlie


Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-14 Unified English Braille

Use as a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting.

شوف كمان

References

↑ "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.
↑ Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN 978-1405162562.
↑ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-19-508345-8.
↑ "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
↑ Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).
↑ Miller, Kirk (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).
↑ Miller, Kirk; Cornelius, Craig (2020-09-25). "L2/20-251: Unicode request for modifier Latin capital letters" (PDF).
↑ ^أ ^ب Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
↑ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
↑ West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (PDF).
↑ Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).
↑ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

External links

Media related to C at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of C at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of c at Wiktionary

[1] "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.

[2] Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN 978-1405162562.

[3] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-19-508345-8.

[4] "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-19.

[5] Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).

[6] Miller, Kirk (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).

[7] Miller, Kirk; Cornelius, Craig (2020-09-25). "L2/20-251: Unicode request for modifier Latin capital letters" (PDF).

[L204132-8] أ ^ب Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).

[9] Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).

[10] West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-16). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (PDF).

[11] Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).

[12] Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

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