خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Technical reasons".

C
C c
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of C
Writing cursive forms of C
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic
Language of originلاتينى
Phonetic usage
Unicode codepointU+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position3
Numerical value: 100
History
Development
Variations(See below)
Other
Associated numbers100
This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see مساعدة:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

[[ملف:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|C in copyright symbol

C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee (pronounced /ˈs/), plural cees.[1]

Egyptian Phoenician
gaml
Greek
Gamma
Etruscan
C
Old Latin
C (G)
Latin
C
T14
Phoenician gimel Greek Gamma Etruscan C Old Latin Latin C

"C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".[2]

In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'c' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c k q' were used to represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, 'k' before 'a', and 'c' elsewhere.[3] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /k/. The use of 'c' (and its variant 'g') replaced most usages of 'k' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical period and after, 'g' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.

Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

Later use

تعديل

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented only /k/, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh,[4] Irish, and Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /k/. The Old English Latin-based writing system was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc, and séoc. However, during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ], though ⟨c⟩ was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in Italian).

In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was still used before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /kw/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the letter ⟨k⟩ so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke, and seoke; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently changed to kniht and þic ('thick') changed to thik or thikk. The Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English quen and quik, respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented by the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in champ (from Latin camp-um) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written حوالى 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words like processiun, emperice and grace, and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /s/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ⟨s⟩ for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.

Pronunciation and use

تعديل
شوف كمان :Hard and soft C
Pronunciations of Cc
Most common pronunciation: /k/

Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet

Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes
لغه البانى /ts/
لغه عربى Árabe cipriota /ʕ/ Latinização
Azeri //
لغه امازيغى /ʃ/ Latinização
Bukawa /ʔ/
كاتالانى /k/
/s/ Antes de e, eu
كريمتتارى //
الكورنيه /s/ Formulário Escrito Padrão
تشيكى /ts/
دنماركى /k/
/s/ Antes de e, i, y, æ, ø
نيديرلاندى /k/
/s/ Antes de e, i, y
// Antes de e,i,y em empréstimos do italiano
انجليزى /k/
/s/ Antes de e, i, y
الفيجيه /ð/
Filipino /k/
/s/ Antes de e, eu
فرنساوى /k/
/s/ Antes de e, i, y
Fula //
الغاغاوزيه //
جاليجو /k/
/θ/ Antes de e, eu
/s/ Antes de e, eu em áreas Seseu
الهوسيه //
لغه مجرى /ts/
الاندونيسيه //
ايرلاندى /k/
/c/ Antes de e, i; ou depois que eu
لغه طليانى /k/
// Antes de e, eu
Curdo Kurmanji //
لاتفى /ts/
ملايوى //
Mandarim Chinês padrão /tsʰ/ پينيپين latinização
Mandingo //
لغه بولاندى /ts/
لغه رومانى // Antes de e, eu
/k/
الرومانشيه /ts/ Antes de e, eu
/k/
الغيليه الاسكتلنديه //
kʰʲ Antes de e, i; ou depois que eu
صربى- كرواتى /ts/
سلوڤاكى /ts/
لغه سلوڤينى /ts/
الصوماليه /ʕ/
لغه اسبانى Tudo /k/
Maior parte do Espanhol europeu /θ/ Antes de e, i, y
لغه اسبانى, da اندلوسيا, das جزر الكنارى /s/ Antes de e, i, y
سويدى /k/
/s/ Antes de e, i, y, ä, ö
تتارى /ʑ/
توركى //
Valenciano /k/
/s/ Antes de e, eu
ڤييتنامى /k/
Palavra-final
/kp/ Palavra-final depois de u, ô, o
لغه ويلزى /k/
الكوسيه /ǀ/
Yabem /ʔ/
Yup'ik do Alasca central //
الزولويه /ǀ/
تعديل

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

تعديل

[[ملف:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo

  • 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives
      • G g : Latin letter G, which is derived from Latin C
        • Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Ȝ, which is derived from Latin G
  • Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
    • ɕ : Small c with curl
    • ʗ : Stretched c
    • 𝼏 : Stretched c with curl - Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe[5]
    • 𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the IPA retroflex tʂ[6]
    • ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the Chatino orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-IPA notation[7]
  •  : Modifier letter small c[8]
  •  : Modifier letter small c with curl[8]
  • ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[9]
  • Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of پينيپين romanization during the mid-1950s[10]

Add to C with diacritics

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

تعديل

Code points

تعديل

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "Charmap".

1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

Other representations

تعديل

Use as a number

تعديل

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting.

شوف كمان

تعديل

References

تعديل
  1. "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.
  2. Powell، Barry B. (27 مارس 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Wiley Blackwell. ص. 182. ISBN:978-1405162562.
  3. Sihler، Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (ط. illustrated). New York: Oxford University Press. ص. 21. ISBN:0-19-508345-8.
  4. "Reading Middle Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2019-11-19.
  5. Miller، Kirk؛ Sands، Bonny (10 يوليو 2020). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).
  6. Miller، Kirk (11 يناير 2021). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).
  7. Miller، Kirk؛ Cornelius، Craig (25 سبتمبر 2020). "L2/20-251: Unicode request for modifier Latin capital letters" (PDF).
  8. أ ب Constable، Peter (19 أبريل 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  9. Everson، Michael؛ وآخرون (20 مارس 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
  10. West، Andrew؛ Chan، Eiso؛ Everson، Michael (16 يناير 2017). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin" (PDF).
  11. Everson، Michael (12 أغسطس 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).
  12. Everson، Michael؛ Baker، Peter؛ Emiliano، António؛ Grammel، Florian؛ Haugen، Odd Einar؛ Luft، Diana؛ Pedro، Susana؛ Schumacher، Gerd؛ Stötzner، Andreas (30 يناير 2006). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).
تعديل
  • Media related to C at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of C at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of c at Wiktionary